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The Manoel Theatre (Maltese: ''It-Teatru Manoel'') is a theatre and important performing arts venue in Malta. The theatre is often referred to as simply "The Manoel", and is named after Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller, Fra António Manoel de Vilhena, who ordered its construction in 1731. The theatre is reputed to be Europe's third-oldest working theatre (older than the San Carlo in Naples), and the oldest theatre still in operation in the Commonwealth of Nations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.maltaattraction.com/content.aspx?id=199484 )〕 The theatre is located on Old Theatre Street (Maltese: ''Triq it-Teatru l-Antik'') in Valletta. It considers itself as the country's national theatre and the home of Malta Philharmonic Orchestra (Maltese: ''Orkestra Filarmonika Nazzjonali'').〔 Originally called the ''Teatro Pubblico,'' its name was changed to ''Teatro Reale,'' or Theatre Royal, in 1812, and renamed ''Manoel Theatre'' in 1866. The first play to be performed was Maffei's Merope. The theatre is a small, 623 seat venue, with an oval-shaped auditorium, three tiers of boxes constructed entirely of wood, decorated with gold leaf, and a pale blue trompe-l'oeil ceiling that resembles a round cupola. The building is a Grade 1 listed building as noted by Malta's Superintendence of Cultural Heritage, and is also scheduled by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA). ==History== Before the construction of the theatre, plays and amateur theatrical productions were staged in the halls and ''piano nobiles'' of the Knights' auberges. These were palaces constructed for the ''langues'' of the Order. The Langue of Italy often held such entertainment, staged by its knights in their Auberge. The records of the Langue even state that on February 2, 1697, some Maltese gentlemen presented a play in the ''Auberge d’Italie.'' Women were prohibited from attending these events after incidents during the Carnival festivities of 1639. In 1731, António Manoel de Vilhena commissioned and personally funded the construction of the building to serve as a public theatre "''for the honest recreation of the people.''" The Grand Master bought two houses from the Priory of Navarre, with a frontage on what is now Old Theatre Street for the sum of 2,186 ''scudi''. It has a plain façade, in keeping with Valletta's Mannerist style, and has three floors with a mezzanine-level above the ground floor. The façade incorporates a doorway surmounted by a stone balustraded open balcony, itself supported by three heavy scroll corbels.〔 The interior is decorated in Rococo style. The theatre was possibly designed by Carapecchia, and was built by Francesco Zerafa and Antonio Azzopardi.〔 Construction was finished in only ten months. This however, may be because alterations were made to the fabric of the three adjoining houses, incorporating them into a theatre. The building occupied an area of 94½ square canes,, which was later altered to 93 square canes and 2½ palms.〔 The theatre is said to have been modelled after the contemporary Palermo Theatre.〔Scicluna, Sir Hannibal P., "Buildings and Fortifications of Valletta", in ''Malta and Gibraltar''; London, W.H. & L. Collingridge, at p. 215〕 Its auditorium was originally semi-circular or horseshoe shaped, with an illuminated parterre that served as a small dance floor. The first theatrical performance to be staged at the ''Teatro Pubblico'' was Scipione Maffei's classic tragedy ''Merope'', on January 9, 1732.〔''Compendio del Giornale del Sac. Fra. Gaetano Rebout. R.M.L.'', Ms. 20.〕 The actors in that production were the Knights themselves, and the set was designed by the Knights' chief military architect, Francois Mondion.〔 On January 26, 1732 a satirical and anti-clerical play "''Il bacchettiere falso''" by Girolamo Gigli was performed. On January 18, 1769, the play "Il trionfo di Minerva", by Lentisco Adrasteo was presented on the occasion of Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca's birthday.〔 A similar honour was also given to Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, on his elevation as Grand Master. On this occasion, Hompesch appeared on the balcony thanking the crowd, showering handfuls of gold coins on the people that had gathered to applaud.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://czh227.wix.com/the-opera-page#!page-2 )〕 Over the course of the next half-century, it was the venue for an extensive repertoire of lyric operas performed by companies of visiting professionals or by amateur groups of knights, and French tragedies or Italian comedies. Works by Johann Adolf Hasse, Niccolò Piccinni and Baldassare Galuppi were extremely popular at the theatre during its early years. In its early days, the management of the theatre, and censorship of its performances, was entrusted to a senior knight, known as the ''Protettore.''〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.teatrumanoel.com.mt/?m=content&id=135 )〕 The first recorded impresario was Melchiorre Prevvost Lanarelli in 1736, and the last Giovanni Le Brun in 1866. From 1768 to 1770 the impresario was a woman, Natala Farrugia.〔 In setting up the theatre, Grand Master de Vilhena set the rent to be paid by the impresario at 320 ''scudi'' per annum, of which 80 accrued for rent from Easter to August, 120 for autumn, and another 120 ''scudi'' from Christmas to Carnival. When dances or ''veglioni'' (masked ball) were held in the theatre, the pit was raised by a scaffolding to the level of the stage. On August 22, 1778, regulations were passed for the lighting of the theatre and corridors on such occasions, with the shading of lights, in any manner, being prohibited. In 1778, to avoid scandal, theatre companies were prohibited from sleeping in the boxes of the theatre. This was a practice which was common during that time.〔 A few years later, in 1783, the ''Teatro Pubblico'' underwent considerable modification and decoration, based on a design by the Roman architect, Natale Marini.〔 A model was displayed before the inquisitor and many knights, and the model was so admired that the Commissioners of the Foundation of the Theatre decided to add a further two ''louis,'' as a bonus to Marini’s invoice of 49 ''scudi.''〔''Diverse Scritture relative alla Fondazione Manoel'', R.M.L., Treas. A. 32, cited by Denaro, ''ibid'', at page 2.〕 Nicolas Isouard's first known opera, ''Casaciello persguitato da un mago,'' was performed here in 1792, and Isouard became director of this theatre in 1798, after the French captured Malta, and continued to premiere other operas there.〔〔Paul Xuereb, The Manoel Theatre, a short history, Valletta, Friends of the Manoel Theatre〕 Several of Isouard's own works, including ''Avviso ai Maritati'' and ''Artaserse'', were performed at the Manoel during this time. French rule over Malta was short-lived and within two years the islands passed into the hands of Great Britain. An English gentleman who accompanied Abercrombie’s expedition to Egypt in 1801, wrote that:
During the early British Era, the "''Teatro Pubblico''" was renamed as the ''"Teatro Reale"'', going through a series of enlargements and re-modellings throughout the 19th century, most notably in 1812, when Sir George Whitmore added today's gallery and proscenium, raised the ceiling by one storey, and added eight more boxes, bringing the total to 67. Whitmore also transformed the auditorium to the oval shape that it has today.〔 Further alterations were made in 1844, when the Manoel’s set designer, Ercolani, repainted the panels on the wooden boxes and had them gilded. Another stratum of silver leaf was added to the panels and ceiling in 1906. Throughout this time, the Teatro Reale was rented out to professional impresarios, who hosted nine-month opera seasons.〔 It was visited by many foreign dignitaries, including Sir Walter Scott, and H.M. Queen Adelaide, the Queen Dowager, widow of William IV of England, who attended performances of ''Elisir d'Amore'' and ''Gemma di Vergy'' at the theatre, during her convalescence in Malta.〔 ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' was given as a gala night in honour of the Queen Dowager, featuring soprano Camilla Darbois.〔Rolandi, Ulderico, "Musica e Musicisti in Malta", in ''Archivio Storico di Malta'', Vol. I, Fasc. I, page 20, cited by Denaro, ibid, at page 3.〕 English and Italian opera and operetta were the most popular productions at the ''Teatro Reale'' throughout the 19th century; however, the Maltese public was particularly supportive of operas by Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and Verdi. In 1861, the Teatro Reale was given on perpetual lease, by the government, to Dr. Salvatore Mifsud and Anacleto Conti for an annual ground rent of £236,15, and in 1862, the directum dominium was sold to Emmanuele Scicluna for £7,833.6.8.〔〔 Subsequent owners were Carmelo Arpa, a chemist (1889) and the Gollcher family (1906-7).〔Records of Notary Luigi Vella of 5 May 1861, and of 9 September 1802, cited by Denaro, ''ibid'', at page 4.〕 The theatre had fallen into disuse in 1866, as a result of the construction of Malta's new Royal Opera House, designed by Edward Middleton Barry, on Strada Reale, at the entrance to Valletta. The theatre began to serve as a doss house for homeless and indigent citizens,〔 who rented out the stalls for a few pennies a night.〔 However, in 1873, the ''Teatro Reale'' - was officially renamed the "''Manoel Theatre''",〔 and it enjoyed a brief new lease on life when the Royal Opera House burnt down. But by 1877, the Royal Opera House had been rebuilt, and once more, the Manoel Theatre was eclipsed and fell again into disuse. On December 27, 1922, January 6, 1923 and February 3, 1923, the Manoel Theatre was the venue for the first public airing of Malta's National Anthem, "''L-Innu Malti.''"〔 During the Second World War, the Manoel Theatre served as emergency accommodation for victims of the constant bombardment by the Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica.〔 In the early 20th century, it was also used intermittently as the venue for Carnival balls and, for a period of about twenty years, it operated as a movie theatre. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manoel Theatre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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